Nepetalactone Cycloalkane in Catnip

Catnip, Nepeta cataria, is a member of the mint or Labiatae family. This perennial herb is sometimes known as catnip, catrup, catwort, cataria, or catmint (although there are other plants that also go by these common names). Catnip is indigenous from the eastern Mediterranean region to the eastern Himalayas, but is naturalized over much of North America and is easily grown in most gardens. The generic name Nepeta is said to have been derived from the Italian town Nepete, where catnip was once cultivated. For centuries humans have grown catnip for humans, but the herb is best known for its action on cats. Nepetalactone Chemistry Nepetalactone is a terpene composed of two isoprene units, with a total of ten carbons. Its chemical structure is similar to that of the valepotriates derived from the herb valerian, which is a mild central nervous system sedative (or stimulant to some persons). Cats Domestic and many wild cats (including cougars, bobcats, lions, and lynx) respond to the nepetalactone in catnip. However, not all cats react to catnip. The behavior is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene; 10-30% of domestic cats in a population may be unresponsive to nepetalactone. Kittens will not show the behavior until they are at least 6-8 weeks old. In fact, catnip produces an avoidance response in young kittens. The catnip response usually develops by the time a kitten is 3 months old. When cats smell catnip they exhibit a range of behaviors that may include sniffing, licking and chewing the plant, head shaking, chin and cheek rubbing, head rolling, and body rubbing. This psychosexual reaction lasts for 5-15 minutes and cannot be evoked again for an hour or more after exposure. Cats that react to nepetalactone differ in their individual responses. The feline receptor for nepetalactone is the vomeronasal organ, located above the feline palate. The location of the vomeronasal organ may explain why cats do not react from eating gelatin-enclosed capsules of catnip. Nepetalactone must be inhaled for it to reach the receptors in the vomeronasal organ. In cats, the effects of nepetalactone can be moderated by several drugs acting upon the central and peripheral nervous system, and by several environmental, physiological, and psychological factors. The specific mechanism governing these behaviors has not been described. Humans Herbalists have used catnip for many centuries as a treatment for colic, headache, fever, toothache, colds, and spasms. Catnip is an excellent sleep-inducing agent (as with valerian, in certain individuals it acts as a stimulant). Both people and cats find catnip to be emetic in large doses. It exhibits antibacterial properties and may be useful as an anti-atherosclerotic agent. It is used as an adjunct in treated dysmenorrhea and is given in tincture form to aid amenorrhea. 15th century English cooks would rub catnip leaves on meats before cooking and add it to mixed green salads. Before Chinese tea became widely available, catnip tea was very popular. Cockroaches and other Insects There is scientific evidence that catnip and nepetalactone may be effective cockroach repellents. Iowa State University researchers found nepetalactone to be 100x more effective at repelling cockroaches than DEET, a common (and toxic) insect repellent. Purified nepetalactone has also been shown to kill flies. There is also evidence that nepetalactone may serve as an insect sex pheromone in Hemiptera Aphidae (aphids) and a defense substance in Orthoptera Phasmatidae (walking sticks).

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street Essays

What a Home Really is in The House on Mango Street â€Å"Home is where the heart is.† In The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros develops this famous statement to depict what a â€Å"home† really represents. What is a home? Is it a house with four walls and a roof, the neighborhood of kids while growing up, or a unique Cleaver household where everything is perfect and no problems arise? According to Cisneros, we all have our own home with which we identify; however, we cannot always go back to the environment we once considered our dwelling place. The home, which is characterized by who we are, and determined by how we view ourselves, is what makes every individual unique. A home is a personality, a depiction of who we are inside and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am an ugly daughter,† she says. â€Å"I am the one nobody comes for† (109). She feels she can relate to the four skinny trees outside her window. â€Å"Four skinny trees with skinny necks and pointy elbows like mine† (93) . Just as the trees survive under a harsh environment, Esperanza finds difficulty in accepting the neighborhood in which she lives. She is very self-conscious about her name, whose mispronunciation by teachers and peers at school sounds ugly to her ears. She struggles with jealousy of her younger sister Nenny and cynically says that she â€Å"has pretty eyes and it’s easy to talk†¦if you are pretty† (109). Ashamed of most everything she identifies with, Esperanza is maturing with a very low perception of herself. She is not content with her home and surroundings, and cannot be until she is happy with her own character. The neighborhood is not exactly a pretty place as Esperanza describes it. She says, â€Å"here there is too much sadness and not enough sky. Butterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful† (39). In the one year of Esperanza’s life that this book covers, she is raped, abused, and sees the death of the only person who would listen to her poetry- â€Å"Her name was Aunt Lupe and she was beautiful like [her] mother† (70). Her discontent with the neighborhood surrounding the house on Mango Street and the rough times that she experienced caused her to want to move away fromShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The House On Mango Street1163 Words   |  5 PagesEzra Collins English 9: Tetlak Literary Analysis: The House on Mango Street November 3, 2017 Remember Where Your From The House on Mango Street On average 40,093,000 people in the United States move annually. In the book The House on Mango Street the main character Esperanza and her family are included in this number. They Come very poor roots, and they don t have much money. They move often, one day dreaming to live in a real house, one they don t have to share, one with their own yard, withRead MoreThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros766 Words   |  3 Pagesliterary analysis on â€Å"The House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros. This story takes place in the center of an over populated Latino neighborhood in Chicago, a city where many of the poor areas are ethnically segregated. This novella uses two main symbols shoes and trees. Later in the literary analysis I will explain what these mean to the main characters. There are three main characters in the novella Esperanza, Sally and Nenny (short for â€Å"Magdalena†). The House on Mango Street tells the life of EsperanzaRead MoreThe House On Mango St reet Analysis1145 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel The House on Mango Street portrays the struggle of a young Latina girl from a bad neighborhood who is trying to have a better life. From the beginning, it is evident that the dreams of this young girl are to be independent, become a writer, and have a home of her own. To begin with, the author makes it clear from the start that Esperanza, the young Latina girl, is a big dreamer who wishes to be independent. Throughout the book, it is clear how much she talks about leaving Mango street and beingRead More Imprisoned on Mango Street Essay695 Words   |  3 PagesImprisoned on Mango Street â€Å"I am tired of looking at what we can’t have.† This particular quote explains that Esperanza desperately longs to leave Mango Street behind, but she also feels that she may be trapped forever. Esperanza is coming to realize she may never get out of Mango Street. Esperanza feels as though she is trapped many times. Three areas where Esperanza realizes just how trapped she is are a treasure in a furniture shop that they cannot have, Esperanza’s family making lies aboutRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesand people are afraid to go near this neighborhood because, people thought they would get jumped or hurt. This neighborhood is known as Mango Street, and there is a young girl named Esperanza(Sandra Cisneros) that lives in a old broken down home. This is her story in The House on Mango Street, Esperanza is a young Latina writer, inventing for herself who and what she will become . Esperanza did not have many friends, was shy, and very sensitive but her love to write and telling of stories has gottenRead More‚Äà ºthe Setting of the House on Mango Street‚Äà ¹974 Words   |  4 Pages10:40-11:55 November 26, 2012 â€Å"The Setting of the House on Mango Street† The short story, â€Å"The House on Mango Street,† is a story that is centered within a particular neighborhood, which is evidently inhabited by middle-to-lower class folks. Although the introduction of the story does not state a specific location, it is safe to say that it is not the typical neighborhood where you would find rich white folks living. For example, the house where the protagonists live is described as almost collapsingRead MoreThe American Dream in The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros1511 Words   |  7 Pageseverybody has one, it can be from living in a large house and having a million dollars to just having the privilege to live in America and try to make something better for themselves in this new life or new start they are trying to grasp. There are many traditions and dreams of every American today while some dreams are practical and some are not and most of all their dreams are from the heart. The American dream is really simple--it consists of a house a job a car three kids and one dog but this is notRead MoreThe House On Mango Street By Sandra Cisneros886 Words   |  4 PagesThe House on Mango Street is a novel by Sandra Cisneros. 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Now imagine that the blue coat killer is a euphemism for the oppression in our society, and the blue coats are the things being oppressed in people, whether it be race, genderRead MoreEssay on The House on Mango Street and the Style of Sandra Cisneros1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe House on Mango Street and the Style of Sandra Cisneros Clearly, Sandra Cisneros writing style is one representative of a minority voice. Her amazing style allows her readers to take an active part in the minority experience. For this reason, I believe Cisneros has had a lot of influence and success in the status of minority writers, especially in the canon of what is read and taught in schools today. But, more than anything, Cisneros has shown that liberation can come through creativity

Movie Overview Girl, Interrupted Essay Example For Students

Movie Overview Girl, Interrupted Essay The purpose the publisher made this movie was because she wanted to recap on her life when she was put into a mental hospital. The â€Å"Girls Interrupted† by Susanna Kaysen was based on a true story about a girl who agrees to go to a hospital called McLean in Massachusetts. She voluntarily agreed to stay for two weeks but eventually ended up staying for about two years. The reason she was put into the institution in the first place was because she tried to commit suicide by overdosing on Aspirins in high school. As well as being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. She learns about herself that she is unhappy and not fond of herself. As her time in the hospital she met a woman named Lisa, throughout the movie she was mainly the leader to the other entire girls. Lisa was diagnosed with as a sociopath and she was proud of that. She was pretty spontaneous and unpredictable. Throughout the movie she was the type to throw random tantrums and helped the other girls to plan escapes. She didn’t really like authority. Lastly Georgina was Susanna’s roommate she was always depressed. She never really had a reaction to anything she would always be so cool calm and collective. In the movie they say she really wasn’t diagnosed with anything. Once Susanna felt comfortable and â€Å"at home† she finally began looking for a job outside of the hospital while doing that she wondered to what degree sexism and psychiatric fads influence the diagnoses. Later on in the movie Susanna came back to visit Mclean she came to see Georgina she was married. She also had seen Lisa, Lisa had a young child and she moved to the suburb. As Psychology expands till this day, it’s become more specific and detailed. Psychology is relevant to Girl Interrupted because it deals with identity and another where many patients were being diagnosed with a disorder. This movie goes under psychological harassment and mind manipulation, mood disorders, and as well as personality disorders. Psychology harassment can also be referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse. This leads to behavior problems and may result in psychological trauma. The scene when daisy committed suicide to me shows mind manipulation she listened and believe everything Lisa had to say. Lisa got into Daisy head and Daisy just feeding into Lisa’s and doing everything she says that ended up to death. My other theory was personality disorder; I believe Gerogina is diagnosed with this. A pathological liar is someone who can’t help but lie constantly She was Susanna’s roommate she’s always depressed and unhappy basically emotionless. In the scene when Kaysen pours hot caramel on Georgina and she has/ shows no reaction. I feel she has a compulsive lying disorder as well because she has a habit of lying. In the film she said â€Å"oh my dad is an FBI agent† when he really wasn’t. She didn’t really have a major role in the movie besides that. Towards the end she proved my theory to be correct that that’s what she has to begin with. At the end of the movie, Susanna herself says that she is not sure whether she truly needed to go through what she did, how (or whether) she was sick, and what she needed to get better Kaysen believed diagnoses are often attributable to trends. She felt that every decade sees a popular diagnosis come and go. Through the beginning of the movie Susanna show us cuts on her arm that is a sign that she was feeling emptiness and boredom. .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .postImageUrl , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:hover , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:visited , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:active { border:0!important; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:active , .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u405842750c96c00198d88719f29fc13d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - Do the Right Thing EssayShe told the therapist she didn’t want to end up like her she didn’t want to go to college but that she wanted to pursue her career in journalism. In conclusion the movie â€Å"Girl Interrupted† was a good movie, especially to compare with psychology. It showed me much different diagnosis and what other kinds of disorders there is out there. As well as the term â€Å"normal† really can’t be defined. Normal is based on trends that are presented to you in that present day and moment. All the theories that I came up with seemed to correct and true. Bibliography: Dean, Michelle. Woman, Interrupted: A Great Almost-Novel From Susanna Kaysen. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. Borderline Girlhoods: Mental Illness, Adolescence, and Femininity in Girl, Interrupted.Borderline Girlhoods: Mental Illness, Adolescence, and Femininity in Girl, Interrupted. Web. 29 Oct. 2002. Girl interrupted. (n.d.). Retrieved May 4, 2004, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172493/synopsis Thoughts That Spin. (2005, January 15). Retrieved from http://deannatheory.blogspot.com/2011/05/analysis-6.html

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (964 words) - Giftedness,

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Florence, Italy. Ever since birth he was in love with the study of science and art. Leonardo da Vinci did not only influence his culture with his art work, but with his numerous inventions and his study on the human body. Leonardo was a determined man who changed his culture by going against his society and following his dreams. By following his dreams he did what no man had ever done before. Leonardo introduced a new style of painting and sculpting to his society. From the beginning he broke away from tradition and went with a focus on the natural world. By painting one glaze of oil paint over another he would create a misty look. The mist look would slightly blur the forms in his paintings unlike stiff in traditional paintings. This technique is called sfumato. Most people said that sfumato ruined Leonardo's paintings. He also used light and dark colors next to each other to make a painting look more natural. It was a new concept for Italian culture. He also used oil paints which were new to Italy. During the Renaissance most paintings were either religious scenes or portraits, landscapes were found only in the background of paintings. But painting landscapes as backgrounds only was not good enough for Leonardo. He went against tradition. His first dated drawing is a country landscape entitled "The Valley of The Arno". When Leonardo moved to Milan, his first project was to build a statue of his employer's father. Leonardo had a brilliant plan to make a statue like no-other. The town's people said it could not be done, but Leonardo came through. It took him 11 years to complete a 26-foot high clay sculpture. He was the first to complete such a tedious project, after other artist learned of Leonardo's accomplishments they too tried Leonardo's style, he was a major influence. Leonardo's many finding influenced his culture and taught his people to be unique in their style of painting even though some people didn't agree with it. Leonardo also contributed to the world by his numerous inventions, many of which are still in use today. Some of his contributions were in warfare. He invented the crossbow which is much like our automatic weapons today. Leonardo's thinking was far ahead of his time. In his notebooks his drawings of tanks and fortresses were used almost 450 years later in World War I. Da Vinci's tank was similar to the tank that we use today, but then the people did not accept it and did not trust it therefore they did not use it. Leonardo also invented a fortress, he made it very detailed and made it so nobody could get into it. The fortress was one of the main defense planes in Italy's war against France. Leonardo kept many drawings of his inventions that were never made - such as his helicopter in his notebook with his secret mirror writings. Leonard influenced his culture with all his musical instruments such as the drum and violin-organist. He designed a clarinet type musical instrument called t he woodwind keys. He was also the first person to make an instrument that had more than eight holes. This allowed musicians to play lower notes. Leonardo also invented the life preserver. Unlike the modern life-preserver made of Styrofoam or plastic Leonardo's life-belt was made of leather filled with air but other wise it looked exactly like those of today's, his inventions are still helping us today. Many of Leonardo's inventions made use of the water wheel. For example Leonardo was the first to design a paddle powered boat. Although Leonardo demonstrated that it worked to the people of his town they still would not use it, they were not acceptable to change. All though Leonardo da Vinci was best known as an artist he mainly made his living by his civil engineering. Leonardo invented a retractable bridge for military use. I t was good for protection, Leonardo said "With it you may pursue and at any time flee from the enemy" All of Leonardo's invention influenced culture, by introd ucing a new way to think and by helping

Were Gonna Be Big essays

Were Gonna Be Big essays American society prides itself on being evenhanded and impartial, but so far history proves otherwise. In the past, unjust treatment of minorities was acknowledged, and in many cases, accepted, but it is the apparent and yet unmentionable treatment of women, past and present, that threatens to undermine America. Although sexual harassment and discrimination have been battled in the work place, it is only a small step towards the killing of the Angel of the House and the acceptance of the imperfect women. From the early 1900's when women were rallying for their right to vote, females were limited to occupations that included wives, mothers, homemakers, midwives, nurses, teachers, and occasionally entertainers. Some dared to attain and hold other employment. This was so because society deemed it fair and correct for women to be taken advantage of and used. Obviously, as time progressed, women were "allowed" to pursue more and more professions and occupations. Like many women in her era, Virginia Woolf desired social recognition and public approval, but unlike most women, she tackled her desires and overcame them. Woolf was driven, as many were and continue to be, by men, prejudice, conscience, society, necessity, ambition, family, and most importantly possessions. Woolf's desires to own items such as a cat, a motor car, and eventually a room of her own, forced her to open her eyes and take in the world. In doing so, Woolf saw things that impressed not only her mind and soul, but her writing as well. In Woolf's essay "Professions for Woman," she tackles some of the most taboo subjects such as murder, independence, and other mutinous ideas that sparked a sexual revolution. She shared her convictions with beau ideals such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Woolf realized that "the road" for women "was cut many years ago," but she also learned that even though there is a road, the journey may ...

5 Key Points of a Strong Computer Science Personal Statement

5 Key Points of a Strong Computer Science Personal Statement 5 Key Points of a Strong Computer Science Personal Statement A personal statement is one of the most crucial aspects of any university or college application. It gives admissions officers insight into your ability to think critically as a potential student. In addition, it allows them to measure the probability of your success as a student at their university. For students who wants to study Computer Science writing a personal statement is no different. The failure to provide a strong personal statement could leave admissions officers convinced that a student is not worthy to join the program. Don’t want to fail? As a rule, doing nothing towards the goal to enroll in your dream college is doomed to failure. Now it’s time to start preparing your computer science personal statement. When you are writing your statement, you need to demonstrate clearly that you are ready to actively engage with the program and to contribute to the advancement of the subject beyond the university campus. Include the following key points of a strong personal statement that would attract admissions officers at first glance: 1.   You Need a Hook in an Introduction to Make it Powerful Explain in detail why you love computer science so much and refrain from sharing irrelevant personal stories such as the first time you used a computer. If you take into consideration the personal statement, which is written by a student with a Computer Science degree from the University of Edinburgh, you’ll see an original piece of writing. Read the introduction sample â€Å"When a friend asked me: Why do you like computer science? I found myself unable to give an answer†. Imagine the admissions officers’ reaction. They were surely interested in reading it to the end. Their thoughts seemed to be â€Å"How dare an applicant say?†. They’re used to seeing personal statement introductions, like â€Å"I have a passion for studying Computer Science, hardly I started to use my computer at the age of 6†. Many admissions tutors say it is just boring to read such essays. Be original in your opening for a personal statement. It is better to catch the audience from the beginning. 2.   You Need to Provide the Reasons for Your Decision to Study in the Subject Area An admission officer should understand the reasons that you consider while applying to college or university to learn Computer Science. Who knows maybe, you apply to university under pressure from your parents. Its worth paying attention to a negative impact on the final academic results that are mentioned in the study Parental Overaspiration Undermines Students’ Learning in Mathematics. However, if your parents want you to study something like Law or Medicine, but you want to get a Computer Science degree, it can play into the hands. Want to know in what way? Say that you don’t see any obstacle on the way to the successful career in Programming, even if your parents are against. Based on this fact, admissions officers can conclude that you’re really passionate about computing. You have one more step to make them strongly convinced. 3.   You Need to Show How You’re Engaged with the Subject How to show a deep interest in Computer Science? Show your knowledge or experience in the area. You’ve probably read a book or article and after that you tried to programm for yourself. Share your results, now matter what they are. Attempts are also highly appreciated. The worst case is not to do nothing and say just â€Å"I want to study at your university†. It is better to say â€Å"I want to study at the course Computer Science at your university to improve my programming skills and become a qualified expert†. 4.   You Need to Describe Vividly Your Aspirations and Goals for the Future When you are writing your personal statement, you need to look ahead to the time when you’ll go out of the university with a diploma in hand. Admissions officers appreciate students who have long-term goals. You can come up with your plans after graduating from university. Look at the list of jobs in IT to realize what you tend to more. Seeing yourself as a software developer? Tell about it so that admissions officer will believe in your desire to create IT products that would meet clients needs. 5.   You Need to Focus on How You Work in a Team Indeed, Computer Programming involves working in a team to carry out different functions projecting, coding, testing and so on. For this reason, you need to demonstrate your ability to cooperate and interact well with others. In this case, the good examples can be various projects you have previously undertaken together with classmates or friends. Team sports you have played or still like playing can come into handy as well. Many universities demonstrate at their websites what they require, for example, see what the University of St Andrews expects from applicants. So, if you follow the above mentioned tips and your statement will be well-written, it will definitely attract admission officers’ attention. Besides, you can order professional Computer Science personal statement writing help at our site. Be sure our academic writers specialize in writing according to all customer’s requirements.

Personal Development Plan Portfolio Report Essay

Personal Development Plan Portfolio Report - Essay Example The assessment includes reading, writing, and oral communication, alongside with team work, problem solving, personal effectiveness, numeracy, and information technology. The section in which I scored the lowest marks was oral communication. The section in which I scored the highest was personal effectiveness. The second diagnostic which is used was ‘Rough & Ready Reckoner’. This diagnostic was particularly interesting as it measured preference for one’s learning style. The diagnostic concluded that I am an activist who wants public appreciation and who is always looking for new and fresh experiences. This particular diagnostic also revealed a number of shortcomings of my personality which were scarily accurate. It showed that I am a risk taker however, these risks are often unwarranted. Other weaknesses like impulsiveness and lack of concentration were revealed from the diagnostic. The third diagnostic that helped me understand my learning needs was VAK self asse ssment. The diagnostic concluded that I prefer an auditory learning style. According to the diagnostic, I am more inclined to learn from listening to other people and using my auditory senses. I prefer learning from concentrating on what is being said rather than other learning through physical experience and visual learning. In accordance with the diagnostic, the first goal I have set for myself is to improve my oral communication skills. I have always encountered problems in expressing my point of view, and therefore the first goal I have set is to work on my verbal communication skills. This goal is also in line with the information I received from diagnostic test. Effective communication will help increase my chances of getting desirable employment opportunities in future because it is the most basic skill all employers are looking for in prospective employees (Bridgstock, 2009). This is why setting the goal of improving oral communication is justified. The second development go al that I have set is to negotiate and persuade other group members in the team. The diagnostics told me that I am an activist that is looking for appreciation. This sometimes leads me to give in to the opinions of other people even when I do not wholly agree with them. This is something which, I believe, is hindering development and, therefore, I have decided to set this development goal to improve my team working and group working skills. The third development goat that I have set is to improve my research skills while completing my academic assignments and reports. This goal will help me improve my academic performance to a great degree, and is expected to lead me to long term academic success (Kramer, 2002). The diagnostic informed me that I have difficulty in concentrating on one thing. This is why I have set this particular academic development goal. Progress Review The use of the three diagnostic methods mentioned above helped me a lot in understanding my strengths and weakne ss both at personal and academic level. These diagnostic tests revealed important information for me that helped me develop my development goals. The tests revealed that I lack good oral communication skills, which is why I am not able to express myself. The reality was bitter however, it helped me identify areas of improvement. With regards to team working skills, I thought I always had an edge because I really like working in teams. Diagnostic methods helped me understand that I like appreciation of people and this was the reason why I was a

Molecular Basis of Pernicious Anaemia Lab Report

Molecular Basis of Pernicious Anaemia - Lab Report Example This process is important because it is a requirement needed for the maturation of red blood cells, putting forward a relation with the disease2. Parietal cells are found in the gastric glands where there major function is to produce hydrochloric acid that is involved in the first stages of digestion. For gastric acid secretion, the gastric H positive or the proton pump enzyme that consists of ninety five kDa alpha subunit and a sixty to ninety kDa alpha subunit3. Auto anti bodies contained in serum from different patients having pernicious anaemia react with either or both of the alpha and beta subunits of the gastric proton pumps. Knowledge about this antibody response provides a useful diagnostic tool for the pernicious disease. Also, the most widely used method for analyzing protein mixtures is by gel electrophoresis. The most commonly used type of gel is the SDS polyacrylamide. It essential to realize that proteins are solubilized in sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) , an anionic de tergent that binds to the hydrophobic regions of proteins causing them to unfold hence acquiring an overall negative charge. Inclusive is a reducing agent that is included to disrupt any disulfide bonds that are within the bonds. Avery good example of a commonly used reducing agent is the 2-Beta mercaptoethanol. On electrophoresing the proteins through a polyacrylamide gel, the negatively charged proteins migrate towards the anode and separation done with regard to their size, with smaller proteins moving the furthest. It is possible to perform an analysis of the size of proteins in the mixture if molecular weights of running proteins are known. This report tests antibody from the serum samples of different patients and the results to be used to identify if any of them reacts with gastric proton pump. The results acquired from the tests will hence provide a guide to finding a diagnosis of pernicious anaemia. For accurate results it is important to use two different methods which wil l determine the presence of anti-proton pump antibodies in serum samples4. Method one (Practical three) Separate proteins extracted from mouse stomachs by SDS poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transfer the proteins to a nitrocellulose membrane. Stain a section of a mouse stomach with haemotoxylin and eosin so that it becomes familiar with the structure and cells types within the stomach. It is essential to realize that the cells in the mouse stomach are similar to those of a human’s anti-proton pump antibodies. For this reason, they cross react with the equivalent mouse proteins. Method two (practical 4) Perform Western Blotting on the gastric proteins using sera from patients who may or may not have pernicious anaemia. Western blotting has this procedure. First, an individual acquires the SDS-PAGE of mouse stomach proteins. These proteins are transferred to nitrocellulose membrane by electrophoresis. The membrane is stained with Ponceau S so as to confirm protein tran sfer from gel to membrane. After that process, the membrane is de-stained and then stored in blocking buffer until next usage. Use H19 to incubate strips of membrane and then wash the membrane strips and incubate in blocking buffer. The membranes are incubated in secondary anti-bodies and in luminous detection buffer. Lastly, the markers are reassembled and test strips are visualized with Chemi -doc system5. Also, perform immune peroxidase staining of mouse stomach

Critically Assess the Uses and Limitations of Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Critically Assess the Uses and Limitations of Financial Statements Essay Critically assess the uses and limitations of financial statements The definition for a financial statement is a written report which quantitatively describes the financial health of a company. (www. investorwords. com) It consists of a balance sheet, income statements and a cash flow statement. This essay will critically asses the uses and limitations of each of these types of financial statements for a business. A balance sheet shows the financial condition of a business at a specific date (Langemeier Klinefelter 2008). It shows what is owned by the business, what is owed and the owner’s share (net worth) of the business. The balance sheet has three main uses. Firstly, it is used for reporting purposes as part of a limited company’s annual accounts. These must be shown to Companies House, HM Revenue and Customs and any shareholders unless agreed otherwise. It is also used to let potential investor’s or lenders asses the worth of a business at any given time. This way they can judge whether they think they should be investing money into the business according to how solvent the business is, how liquid its assets are, how the business is financed and how much capital is being used. Finally they can be used by the business itself to analyse how to improve its management. There are a few limitations of a balance sheet as some values of current assets are estimated (www. businesslink. gov. uk); therefore the balance sheet does not reflect a 100% accurate financial position of a business. Also, the fixed assets in the balance sheet have taken the depreciation of the asset into consideration and so the true value is not shown. Finally, intangible assets such as goodwill cannot be measured and are therefore estimated figures too and may be very inaccurate thus causing the whole balance sheet to be incorrect. Therefore a balance sheet is useful in many ways as long as whoever is interpreting the figures takes into consideration that a few of the figures are not accurate. An income statement, also known as a profit and loss account, measures the profits or losses a business has made over a certain period of time (money-zine. com). If a business wishes to expand and needs a bank loan they will need to produce their profit and loss accounts for the previous three years so the bank can see whether they will be able to repay the loan. These must be accurate records or it will be taken into account as fraud. There are many advantages of keeping accurate and up to date records. Firstly, it gives a business the information it needs to be managed and help it grow. If a business can see where its strong or weak points are then it can find ways to improve for example by cutting down on expenses. It also enables a business to produce their income statement quickly if required and filling in their tax return easier and quicker which in turn reduces the risk of interest for late tax payments. These financial statements are usually available to the public which means competitors can see how each other are doing, however very few people understand them when all transactions are recorded in larger companies. There are also some limitations of income statements one being that its data does not tell the user anything about what may happen in the future or factors that may affect future growth of the company. It is simply limited to accounting data. The second limitation is that not all businesses use an acceptable accounting method. An example from www. money-zine. com states that â€Å"if a business decides to accelerate depreciation then they hurt short-term net income and earnings (depreciation expense is larger). If they use straight line depreciation, net income in earlier years will be higher but it will be lower in the future (all things being equal)†. The final type of financial statement is a cash flow statement. It records the inflow and outflow of cash over a period of time. The cash flow statement allows investors to understand how a companys operations are running, where its money is coming from, and how it is being spent. According Hertenstein Article 26 there are three main people that want to see a business’s cash flow statements. Firstly stockholders want to know if the business is generating enough cash to pay dividends. Secondly suppliers want to know if their customers will be able to pay if offered credit. Thirdly investors want to evaluate future growth potential. These types of financial accounts are cheap to maintain because you do not have to be a trained accountant to produce them as they are not a complicated as the other types of financial accounts. Though the cash flow statement is a very useful tool of financial analysis, it has its own limitations which must be kept in mind at the time of its use. The main limitation is that the cash flow statement only records cash transactions and so ignores the basic accounting concept of accruals and tems bought on credit and therefore are not suitable for judging the profitability of a business. Also cash flow statements are prepared using historical information which is in the past. Therefore it does not asses what may happen in the future to a business’s accounts. In conclusion, there are many uses for financial statements as they provide a solid picture of a business’s performance when compared to each other, and the users can easily spot flaws in the entity’s financial position and manage these accordingly. However their limitations must be considered when analysing the data as they only supply the reader with past and present quantitative data and do not address any of the qualitative economic variables such as the morale of the employees or the quality of the management team. There is currently no way of measuring these intangible assets, even though a business’s human resources are some of its most valuable assets.

Aztec Art and Culture :: essays papers

Aztec Art and Culture The Aztec nation is one of the largest and most advanced Indian nations to ever exist on earth. Just about every part of the Aztec life was advance to such a state that at that time of the world the people were living better than many European nations. The Aztec nation is unique in its history, economy, environment, and way of life then any other nation at that time. The Aztec Indians, who are known for their domination of southern and central Mexico, ruled between the 14th and 16th centuries. They built a great empire and developed very modernized ways of doing things. The Aztecs had phenomenal architectural skills and waterway systems. The Indians also had very developed social class and government systems and practiced a form of religion. To begin with, the Aztecs were very skilled in the art of Architecture and waterway systems. â€Å"An example of the monumental architecture within the Aztec society is the great pyramid of Tenochtitlan. Montezuma I, who was the ruler of the Aztecs in 1466, created it. The pyramid was not finished until the rule of Montezuma II, around 1508. Aztec cities and towns also had working drinking water and waste treatment systems. An intricate plumbing system using clay pipes ran down from the mountains around Mexico valley to all of the towns and cities in the valley. As the water ran into each town or city it was dispersed to 10 or 12 places around town were it flowed into a pool for drinking water or was pumped into public baths and toilets. Only nobles had working drinking and bathing systems with running water in their homes. The sewage system worked much like today, having human wastes carried to a collection pool where solids were collected, and then having liquids run off into a series of terraces which filtered the water. Solid wastes were allowed to sit in a collection pool for about six months and then were brought to the lake gardens to be used as fertilizer†(Jennings, Aztec, Pg. 220). At the bottom of the heap were slaves and serfs, or the Tlacotli, who worked the private lands of the nobility. Next came the Macehualtin, ‘the fortunate,’ as they were called because they were equally free of the heavy responsibility of the nobility and of the slave’s liability to being basely used. They were the merchants, shopkeepers and artisans that made up the bulk of the population.

History of Special Education Essay

Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed as people have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a turn about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems has emerged from no education to special funding and programs especially for those individuals with learning problems. The first phase of special education is the largest span of time. The Foundation Phase was from 1800 to  1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were labeled as dumb, retarded, and even brain injured. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related very similarly to the way â€Å"brain injured† students acted. At this time period researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. The Transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way â€Å"brain injured† children were taught. Researchers developed instruments for assessment, analyzed specific Atwell 2 types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching â€Å"brain injured† children. At this stage the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as â€Å"brain injured†. The students were called â€Å"children with minimal brain dysfunction†. The turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was the Integration Phase, 1960 to 1980. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name â€Å"learning disabled†. After this term took the place of â€Å"brain injured† and â€Å"minimal  brain dysfunction†, it seemed like there was hope for children with learning problems. Schools started establishing programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most important part of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem would receive a â€Å"free and appropriate public education. † The last phase is the Current Phase, from 1980 to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion. Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools, with collaborative support services as needed. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was rewritten as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, Individuals Atwell 3 with Disabilities Education Act, made it hard to suspend or expel students with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individualized Education Program. An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the studen  needs to achieve, special education and related services the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take state tests, dates and places of when and where special services will be provided and the measuring progress of the child. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas. The next step is to evaluate the child’s  suspected disability area, but before this can take place, the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate their child. Then the eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parents to determine if the child has a disability defined by IDEA. If found eligible, the IEP team must meet and write an IEP for the child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written. Atwell 4 Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and IEP is reviewed. After this process takes place, every three years after that, the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be involved in the writing of a child’s Individualized Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. Regular education teachers, if the student will be placed in regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the general curriculum. They also have knowledge of how to handle behavior problems. The next member of an IEP team should be a special education teacher. This  person will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs child learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individuals who can interpret evaluation result’s, represent the school system, individuals with knowledge or special expertise about the child, representatives from transition service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for. Atwell 5 Education has gone through many stages of the way a  child should be taught. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is no stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and gives them the opportunity to have a normal life. Atwell 6 Works Cited A Guide to the Individualized Education Program. U. S. Department of Education. 20 Feb. 2001. . Lerner, Janet W. Learning Disabilities: Theories, Diagnosis, andTeaching Strategies. 8th ed. Boston: Ally & Bacon Publishers, 2000. Levine, Daniel U. , Allan C. Ornstein. Foundations of Education. 6th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

Cases Research

* Masters v Cameron (1954) * Estate agent retained by Cameron drew up a sale note for the sale of Cameron’s property to Masters. * Cameron’s insistence included in the sale note a clause. * Agreement made subject to the preparation of a formal contract of sale, which shall be acceptable to solicitors on the above terms and conditions. * Both parties signed the sale note. * Masters paid a deposit. * Masters did not signed the contract prepared by Cameron’s solicitors as Master experienced difficulties arranging necessary finance and wished to withdraw the purchase. Cameron wished to proceed the sale. * The court have to decide whether the parties were contractually bound by the sale note(which has been signed by both of them) or whether they would only have formed a binding contract by Cameron’s solicitors(which could not apply, since Masters did not signed. * Souter v Shyamba Pty Ltd (2003) * Shyamba owned land at Merimbula, NSW on which it operated a hote l and motel. * 8 October 2001, Souter wrote to Shyamba enquiring whether the property was for sale and one Bennett, a director of Shyamba, telephoned Souter and told him that the price was $3 million. Negotiations at lower figures failed. * Fresh negotiations in March and April 2002 resulted a signed document by Souter and by Bennett and one Mirabito on behalf of Shyamba. * The document provided that â€Å"This sale will become unconditional upon the purchaser paying the amount of $1,000 into the vendor’s bank account. The purchaser agrees to pay a further $299,000 to the vendor’s solicitor upon exchange of contracts, not later than 16 June 2002 and the balance ($2,700,00) at settlement 1 July 2002. On 1 May 2002, Souter paid $1,000 unto the vendor’s bank account and Shyamba instructed its solicitors to prepare formal agreements. * On 31 May 2002, Bennett wrote to Souter, stating that the sale had â€Å"hit a hurdle in the form of a huge Gazzumpt†. * Ben nett Stated that he had been informed that the agreement of 1 May did not bind the purchaser and could not therefore bind Shyamba as vendor. * Souter sued for specific performance of the agreement dated 1 May 2002. The court held that the document dated 1 May 2002 did not constitute the binding contract and made an order for specific performance. * The judge held that the decisive issue is always the intention of the parties, which must be objectively ascertained from the terms of the document when read in the light of the surrounding circumstances. * If the terms of the document indicate that the parties intended to be bound immediately, effect must be given to that intention irrespective of the subject matter, magnitude or complexity of the transaction. * The judge itemised the reasons for his finding that the document had the effect of a contract. * Instrument 7020202154 v Ormlie Trading Pty Ltd * The court held that the parties had no intention of entering into a binding contrac t of sale despite reaching agreement on the essential terms. * In both the letter of offer and in the letter of acceptance of the offer the words â€Å"in principle† were used. * The word â€Å"in principle† used was indicated and unqualified acceptance by the offeree of the offer. Teviot Downs Estate Pty Ltd & Anor v MTAA Superannuation Fund (Flagstone Creek and Spring Mountain Park) Property Pty Ltd * Alleged agreement made on 29 August 2003 for the sale of land of Spring Mountain Estate, Beaudesert in Queensland for $11m. * Teviot sent a letter of offer to the defendant on 22 August 2003 and a response accepting the offer was sent on 29 August. * Deposit of $1. 1 million was paid. * 3 October 2003, the firstnamed plantiff wrote to the defendant saying that its due diligence enquiries had been satisfactorily completed and that the contract was unconditional. On the same day, defendant wrote to Tevoit saying that its Trustee did not approve of the sale. * The Supreme Court of Queensland has to decide whether the exchange of correspondence (the letter of offer of 22 August and the letter of acceptance of 29 August) constituted a legally enforceable agreement (as the defendant contended). * The court observed that the case suggest that there is no binding contract unless and until formal contact documents are signed and exchanged. * Tinn v Hoffman and CO (1873) Two offers, identical in terms, cross in the post, there will be no contract as neither can be construed as an acceptance of the other, even though there is a meeting of the minds. * Patterson v Dolman (1908) * The offer may be construed by the court as being accepted by a number of persons and the offeror will be bound to each and every person who accept. * The contract is only able to be performed with one party, the offeror may be liable in damages for breach of contract to the others who accepted the offer. Felthouse v Bindley (1862) * An uncle and his nephew had conversation about the possible sale of the nephew’s horse to the uncle, but there had been some confusion about the price. * The uncle subsequently wrote to nephew, offering to pay $30 and 15 shillings and saying, ‘If I hear no more about him, I consider the horse mine at that price. * The nephew was on the point of selling off some of his property in an auction. He did not reply the uncle’s letter, but did tell the auctioneer to keep the horse out of the sale. The auctioneer forgot to do this and the horse was sold. * The court felt that the nephew’s conduct in trying to keep the horse out of the sale did not necessarily imply that he intended to accept his uncle offer. * The nephew actually wrote afterwards to apologise for the mistake and so it was not clear that his silence in response to the offer was intend to sell but there are many situations in which it would be undesirable and confusing for silence to amount to acceptance.

How to Be a Better Student and Still Have Fun

How to Be a Better Student and Still Have Fun If you ask random college students from across the country why they’re in school, most will either say, â€Å"I’m just trying to have fun!† or, â€Å"I just want to graduate on time and get out of here.† A rewarding college experience doesn’t have to mean sacrificing going beast mode. With a little planning you make college everything it can be! In this article we’re going to go through the process step by step. 1. Build Your Student Asset List College has a lot to offer, especially when the campus is located within a decent-sized city. Faced with so much potential many students simply forego everything and settle for a couple memorable parties and a few good summers. Not cool. The first thing you need to build is an asset list. What are you capable of doing? Can you travel and study abroad? Can you volunteer? What skills do you have to offer the many school organizations and clubs? What sports would you be good at? Are you down to learn an instrument or sing in the choir? You get the idea. If you’re working, then make this list just about the free time that you do have. Make the most of it. If you lack time for having rest, we can help you do your homework. Take some time to sit down, see what the school has to offer and what you’re open to. This is going to naturally begin to narrow things down a bit. You’ll begin crossing things off the list, for example trying out for the college football or chess teams, and leaving others open for debate. 2. Choose Your Triad Now, you’re going to pick one activity for three categories: sports, clubs and hobbies. As you’ll see, it’s all about people. The more of them you’re exposed to and able to network with, the more fun college can be without sacrificing your GPA. 1. A Sport: This could be anything really. You don’t have to go straight for something like baseball or basketball. Consider tennis, rugby or flag football. Anything team related and physical is going to work wonders. Plus, you’ll stay in shape. In the beginning just try to fill at least half of each year with a sport. Chances are by your senior year you’ll be in a sport the entire time. 2. A Club: Again, you have your pick. The asset list should have narrowed things down, but make sure you consider expanding your skills. Maybe something on the more political side? Or, perhaps the culinary club? Don’t automatically choose something within your major. Go outside your comfort bubble. 3. A Hobby: Music, painting, photography, etc. Expand your boundaries. Try strange and new things that you’re technically capable of and interested in. So throughout the year regardless of how cool or uncool you may be you’re competing in a sport, taking part in a club and pursuing a hobby along with your studies. Your schedule alone will make it nearly impossible not to have a good time. You’ll be too busy to complain. 3. Weave Activities into Class Scheduling Weave these into your class schedule as you progress through your major. Each quarter needs to have the triad in them. You have to work at it and be strategic with your available time. You have to get yourself on a proper sleeping schedule (this keeps you out of trouble). You’ve got to strike a balance where you’re always active and involved but have enough time to eat, study and ace exams as well. 4. Make â€Å"Yes† Your College Mantra Chances are you’re going to be getting invited to tons of parties because of your triad of activities. Never say no. Always say yes. No matter what you have to make an appearance and BRING A GIFT. If there’s studying and sleeping to be done, then stay twenty minutes and then bail. People will appreciate that you showed and the gift will make up for the loss of your presence. When people ask you for favors, if you can do them then do them. Become the proverbial â€Å"yes man† and see where life takes you. 5. Be Good to Professors This isn’t about brown nosing anybody or looking for breaks. It’s about showing respect and being willing to go above and beyond for professors to ensure that college has less bumps in the road. Do what you can to reach out to them and form a professional teacher/student relationship beyond class. This quasi-guide didn’t mention dating because dating is too tricky and unpredictable. The right special someone can make really make college an incredible journey. While the wrong person turn it into a nightmare. But, that’s a topic for another time. Remember, to really make college fun you have to get out there and get involved. Build an asset list, choose your activity triad and weave them into your day to day experience. What do you think, did we nail it? Tell us in the comments!

The Best Jobs for Introverts Who Hate Social Interaction

The Best Jobs for Introverts Who Hate Social Interaction If you consider yourself introverted (or you just really prefer to work on your own), you might want to take your comfort with people  into account when choosing your career. Some professions will just plain demand more personal interaction than you can tolerate. The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) rated jobs on a scale of 0-100, based on how much contact with others is required and how much it requires a worker to be pleasant in their interactions.Here are their top jobs for introverts.If You Have a High School DiplomaPoet, lyricist, or creative writer: Solitude galore. And you’ll be in excellent company with some of the greatest writers who never bothered going to college and still wrote masterpieces. If you’re creative and good with words, it’s worth considering.Dental lab technician: Dentists have to talk to and see patients all day, but their technicians work behind the scenes making molds and doing other laboratory work. And most positions only r equire a diploma or equivalent.Farm or crop worker: If you love working outdoors and don’t mind physical labor, this could be great for you. You could work farm equipment, harvest fruits or vegetables, apply pesticides. And you won’t have to talk much while you do it. This industry is set to grow in the next few years. And there are many different ways to fit into the field.Potter: Operate machines or hand-make ceramics, pottery and stoneware. If you like working with your hands and are on the creative side, then this could be right for you.If You Have an Associate’s DegreePhotonics technician: Work in fiberoptics and with laser technology. This field is set to boom and is also a â€Å"green occupation† where you’d be working with energy-efficient activities and technologies.Machinist: This is another â€Å"green occupation† with a bright future, and it requires a whole lot more interaction with machines than with other people.If You Have  a Bachelor’s DegreeReal estate appraiser: Appraisers interact with properties, where agents interact with potential buyers and sellers. Spend your time appraising properties for purchases, sales, or loans.Cryotechnologist: A lab setting is always good for those who crave alone time. Take refuge among cell samples. You might need an additional post-graduate certification, but you can easily get your start with just a Bachelor’s degree.Geological Sample Test Tech: Survey and analyze geological samples. Another field in which you’ll spend a great deal of time on your own and outside.If You Have  a  Master’s Degree or HigherMathematician: Math is increasingly important in our technological age. If you have the talent and enjoy it, it’s a great way to take refuge in numbers and your own brain to solve the biggest problems of various fields.Archivist: You like people, but you prefer to interact with them on paper. Archivists maintain documents and d atabases, but often work in blissful silence on their own.Environmental Economist: If you have a head for numbers and love nature, this could be a great field for you. Another â€Å"green occupation† experiencing rapid growth, this research and analysis position will be incredibly valuable in the economy to come.

A study on strategic management as a determinant of organization Research Proposal

A study on strategic management as a determinant of organization performance - Research Proposal Example This research proposal is related to the strategic management that assists in determining the organizational performance. Therefore, the proposal will begin with the research objectives and aim of the overall study. It will also try to focus on the literature review and case study method in order to support the research objectives and solve the research problem. Literature review is conducted in order to summarize the research based knowledge for practice or to support for the development of the study in order to increase the evidences that is required to guide the practices. It is important to take into account the research methodology while conducting the research. Research methodology can serve as guidelines for the research. It provides the researcher the opportunity to study the subject in depth and therefore make sound decisions. Time table plays a significant role to understand the actual time that will be required to effectively complete the project. Therefore, in light of th is fact a Gantt chart will be prepared that will help the researcher to work according to the schedule. Aim and Objectives of the Study The main aim of this research study is to identify the strategic management as a determinant of the organizational performance. Through this research proposal, the productivity of the employees in the organization can be increased and they can work in an efficient manner. However, the objective is a bit different. The main objectives of this proposed research study would be to assist in decision making and actions with the aim to improve the short term performance of the organization. The other objective of the study would be to identify the various strategies that can help the organization to cope up with any kind of situation and improve the performance of the organization. The study will help the organization to cultivate a proactive management culture that will enable them to take advantage of the opportunities that lie in its operating environm ent. Literature Review and Rationale for the Study According to Joyce & Woods (2001), strategic management can be defined as the pursuit of the superior performance in the organization by the usage of the strategy that would ensure matching the corporate strength to the needs of the customers (Joyce & Woods, 2001). Strategic planning helps the organization’s members to concentrate on individual endeavor in order to convert into a team effort. The strategic management can assist in the development of the total quality management and the enhancement of the objective based performance appraisal system. According to Hitt & Et. Al. (2001), managers pay attention when they are confronted with important information regarding the organizational performance. When the changes in the performances are unexpected then it prompts search for explanation. If there is continuous negative performance then the management needs to change either the strategy or the structure (Hitt & Et. Al., 2001 ). According to Jauch & Kraft (1986), the environmental uncertainty has been recognized as one of the variables that help in the explanation of the organizational performance and equilibrium. It has been assumed by most of the

How Sexuality is Simultaneously a Personal, Social, Structural, Essay

How Sexuality is Simultaneously a Personal, Social, Structural, Historical and Culturally Specific - Essay Example â€Å"Children sent the wrong message about sex† by Ann Whittaker, dated 6 June 2006, published in Western Morning News (Plymouth), this paper seeks to examine how sexuality is simultaneously a personal social, structural, historical and culturally specific. The paper will discuss how society views these young people and attitudes towards their sexuality. The language used when discussing the context of their sexuality along with the role of sex education and the role of family and society will be discussed. Hormonal changes and social attitudes are key drivers of sexuality. For many young people, sex is something that excites them and an area they wish to explore. The sexual behavior of adults to influences children. Today’s teenagers and children are aware that many adults have sex outside marriage and are often not committed to a single partner. They take a cue from such behavior and believe that it is alright to lead a promiscuous life. (BBC) Driven by advertising images, social communication and other inputs on sexual behavior, young minds are keen to experiment with sex. All the articles accept that social values are fast changing. In the contemporary society, it is generally accepted that young people are likely to indulge in sexual activity before marriage and in sex without commitment. However, the writers of these articles seem to view children and teenagers as vulnerable and immature. While they understand that sexual behavior is an issue of personal choice, as a society they express their concern for these young people and the urgent need to take adequate steps to prevent them from indulging in immature and irresponsible sexual behavior that could leave them scarred for life.

'Prison works and community sentences are a soft option.' Critically Essay

'Prison works and community sentences are a soft option.' Critically discuss - Essay Example Nevertheless, the public and the government remain divided on the issue of sentencing and punishments. On the one hand, there are people who believe that punishments are not as tough as they should be (Bowditch 2008). They believe that hardened and repeating criminals do not deserve mere slaps in the wrists through community sentences (Powell 1999, p.209). On the other hand, others insist that community sentences and prison works have worthy merits (Gibb 2006). They are cheaper than imprisonment and can be effective punishment alternatives on their own. Community sentences, if properly managed, can do more rehabilitation than custodial sentences (Edwards 2011). This paper explores the issue that asserts that prison works and community sentences are soft options and it also discusses dissent against soft options, especially in an era that demands stiffer penalties. This statement underscores that these soft options are only for minor crimes and not recommended in resolving penology an d social problems. This paper argues prison works and community sentences are soft options, compared to custodial sentences, but they can also be effective in addressing penal issues and decreasing the social concern of recidivism, as long as they are properly and strictly managed and implemented. Community sentences Notions of probation can be traced to local court practices in the early nineteenth century, where young offenders or those guilty with small offences could be discharged or bound if a suitable person offered to take accountability for supervising future conduct (Raynor 2002: 1172). In 1876, the Church of England Temperance Society started to create an active presence in some city police courts to promote moral reform of offenders and to keep them abstained from alcohol (Raynor 2002: 1172). From the 1950s to the 1980s, probation experienced two reformulations and rethinking, with major effects on the questions tackled by probation research (Raynor 2002: 1174). Wilkins ( 1958) and Radzinowicz (1958) asserted that the effects of probation can be located in the â€Å"treatment model,† where for Radzinowicz (1958), probation was â€Å"a form of social service preventing further crime by a readjustment of the culprit† (Raynor 2002: 1174). Wilkins agreed that the treatment model focused more on subsequent behaviour of offenders and not issues of the criminal justice system (Raynor 2002: 1174). As the 1970s ended, the â€Å"treatment model† faced strong criticisms. Empirically, the studies of the effectiveness of penal sanctions of different forms led to negative results and the general finding that â€Å"nothing works† (Raynor 2002: 1175). There were also moral and philosophical arguments against the treatment, such as the objectification and dehumanisation of subjects and resting on the unverified claims of superior professional knowledge† (Raynor 2002: 1175). Community sentences were first enacted by law in 1907 for th e â€Å"probation† of offenders (Ministry of Justice 2008: 1). They departed from the treatment agenda, because they focused on effects of systems, instead of people (Raynor 2002: 1177). During the 1980s, an emphasis on community sentencing emerged as part of crime policymaking (Charman and Savage 1999: 194). Community service and supervision orders took greater priority over prisons as ways of resolving crimes (Charman

Media And Violence Against Women Media Essay

Media And Violence Against Women Media Essay There has been an exponential growth in the media over the last fifty years. We have witnessed the advent of technology with the development of; telegraph, newspaper, magazines, television to internet. No doubt, the advance has been tremendous. Modern society depends hugely on information. Communication is important at work, health care, personal relationships traveling, and entertainment. Indeed most of our decisions, values, and beliefs are based on our assumptions, facts we know, our values, our studies and our experience. In our daily lives, we rely hugely on information we get from the media. Our trust on media as an indisputable authority to give us entertainment, news, and education is evident in all civilized nations of the modern world. People are at all times being exposed and bombarded constantly with thousand of sex, celebrities, advertising, violence and much more. Indeed, a modern child is exposed to more than 40,000 adverts each day. It is then imperative that we appreciate the role of the media to shape our values, beliefs, and decisions. Every six hours, a woman is murdered in South Africa. Each day, two women are killed in Guatemala. In every 15 seconds in Sao Paulo, Brazil, a woman is assaulted. In U.S.A, within a span of six minutes, a woman is raped. In Europe, 50% of women go through sexual harassment, or physical contact where they work.6000 women are genitallly mutilated in North Africa every day. In China, more than 15,000 women will be sold to sexual slavery this year. This grim statistics points to the fact that violence on women is rooted in the global culture of discrimination. This is a human rights issue. Legitimization of women bodies for individuals and political gratification is disturbing. Each year, community, and home violence devastates and shatters lives of millions of women throughout the world. In 2009, 8000 women were raped in Democratic Republic of Congo. This is a society where combatants have a prevalence rate of 60% H.I.V (Amnesty international, 2010). This form of violence cannot be justified by any cultural, religious, and political claim. Violence is being allowed to happen daily by the prevailing global culture with impunity. Every time when women are terrorized, raped by soldiers as spoils of war, abused in custody, battered at home; what is manifested is unequal power between men and women. This reduces their choices and worsens their plight. Governments all over the world have legal, social, economic duties to protect and punish any form of abuse done on women. This is a responsibility they must sustain with due diligence to protect individual rights from abuses. Violence against women manifests itself in a number of ways. When in custody, aggression on happens due to unevenness of control between inmates and guards is because of dependency on correctional officers and the ability of the guards to hold on privileges. In order to get food or personal hygiene products, women are coerced into supplying sex for favors. Though these crimes are prevalent, perpetrators are rarely held accountable (Division for the Advancement of Women, UN, 2006) Honor Killings; In some countries, if suspected of extra marital relations, even in the case of rape, the cruelest form of indignity and violence is meted on women. Those who are raped are incapable of providing overt substantiation and are occasionally accused of Zina .This is especially so in Iran. The punishment is often stoning .Laws such as these only serve to aggravate and inhibit women from pursuing cases of those who raped them.Making an assumption that the woman is guilty, male respective families believe the only form of dealing with the infringement of honor is to kill the woman. The presence of pornographic videos and images in the media portrays women as cheap and objects of personal gratification. This is a widespread phenomenon, highly commercialized form of business, whose existence is solely because of media reliance. It should be noted that it is the electronic media that hosts most of these demeaning and distasteful images. The fact that the media will place the woman as an object brings about the expected setback of women rights being violated. Domestic violence; this is a global pandemic. With no exception, a womans greatest risk is from someone she knows. Resentment at homes is a contravention of a womans physical right, veracity, and right to being. When basic steps are not taken to curb this abuse, crimes of this nature are allowed to prevail Female Genital Mutilation; F.G.M is the removal of every or a fraction of women external genitalia. In Africa, it is being practiced in more than 28 countries. With dire consequences, an estimated 135 million women have undergone FGM .Though legislation against the practice exists in these countries where it is practiced, complete lack of enforcement and persecution of the perpetrators only ensures that the whole problem continues to thrive (Human Rights Watch, 2010). In the case of sexual orientations, cultural norms and sometimes-legal measures support regulation of sexuality. Families, cultural networks, media, institutions, and religion regulate womens sexuality. A good number of women alleged to be or are lesbians go from end to end through abuses meted by private sector, police, family, and state authorities. Multiple cases of beating, rape, forced impregnation, or marriage are reported to having been inflicted to such persons. In United States, lesbians consistently face well-founded fears of attack or persecution by police because of their identity. On regular basis, this form of violence occurs (Renzetti Bergen, 2005). Consequently, we can say that a Gender Based Asylum case scenario is brought to light. Here, fear of persecution or discrimination by women is considered for the purposes of refugee status. Forcible abortion, female genital mutilation, domestic violence, and honor killings are forms of persecutions that allow one to seek asylum. However, women seeking asylum in many countries rarely gain the refugee status based on claims of these forms of violence. Restrictive interpretation of the international definition of persecution of refugees is severe. In particular, lesbians fear disclosing their sexuality based on violence generated from such disclosure (Malamuth Check, 2004). On the Problem of Impunity, most women fail to report abuses against them because most Government departments are accomplices of gender discrimination. Ostracization, lack of resources, and shame from communities causes most women to fail to seek legal redress to crimes committed against them. Challenging of abusers in a court of law is often long, tedious, humiliating where authorities and those present dwell on sympathy other than empathy (Crowell Burgess, 1996). The brutality meted on women is so widespread that it often fails to invite outrage and censure from members of the public. One in four women experience violence by an intimate partner. Yearly, thousands and thousands of women are recruited to prostitution. In addition, thousand of girls are forced to genital mutilation. In armed conflicts, forces and groups do sexual assaults as an act of war. Violent acts rarely results from one cause. Many things come play. The influence of the mass media is viewed as part of the many potential factors that influence the abuse on women. Constant broadcasting of media violence on women promotes aggressive behavior in young children contributing to increased aggressiveness and ultimately violent behavior many years later. Abuse against girls and women takes various forms. Economic, sexual, psychological, and sexual form. All form these forms of abuse are related and affect women from the onset of their life to their death. This violence is not concentrated to a particular country, region, or to a particular group of people in the society. It is widespread and with it are repercussions the society cannot afford to allow. Indeed 70% of women experience abuse in their lifetime. This has debilitating effects on the society because it leads to women impoverishment, family disintegration, and erosion of progress in communities and Nations (Ferrell Websdale, 1999). Media is a double-edged sword. It has the power to influence the society in a positive way as well as influence it in the most destructive form. It will not be fair to note that although there has been a tremendous progress championed by the media in addressing violence against women, electronic as well as print media has played a complementary role in encouraging degradation of women (Cuklanz Moorti, 2009). Largely, the media is as guilty as charged for promoting violence against women. Media violence leads to an increase in aggressions and real world violence. Film violence and fictional television contribution to both long term and short term rise in silence and aggression against women. Imitative rapes, filmed sexual acts, and pornography portrayals in movies tend to compound the problem of women abuse in the society. Media violence and real world violence relationship tends to be moderated by the nature of the media content and social influences and the characteristics on the individuals exposed to that content. This overall size of effect is big enough to place it in the category of known threats to women rights. Exposure to violence on television and video games increases risk of violent behavior on the part of the viewers (Byerly Ross, 2006). Accumulation of body research is consistent and clear that television violence causes an increase in violent and aggressive behavior. It leads to acquisition of beliefs, attitudes, schemes, and scripts that increase the risk of aggressive and violent behavior in the observer of media violence. Media has always played a significant role to address issues of health, economy, and politics. If similar energy is focused on the issue of eliminating violence, it can play a vital role. Victimization of females in storylines reduces perceptions of violence. Media monitoring, an African institution that advocates fair journalism reported that there is a shortage of women journalists in major media outlets in the continent. Where they exist, the people controlling stakes in these media institutions restrict their roles. These people are either the management or the owners. They are therefore denied a chance to highlight issues pertinent to their plight. According to Meyers (1997), it is of prime importance to be responsible always on how to present news in matters regarding violence on women. The media has the role of making these events however challenging or sad to be a moral lesson to all the viewers. There is an acknowledgement that the media is a strong influence in our age. However, responsible use can sway the influence in a positive direction. Studies show that even in female friendly nations, news reporting remains dominated by men. Almost half of journalists are women in these countries; however, three out of the four seniors in the media industry are men. This is a serious disparity. It denies women an avenue in which to address issues pertinent to them. The media should be the watchdog of international organizations making effort to stem the spread of violence against women. Campaigns such as UNITE should be given needful coverage to raise awareness of the initiative noble goals. The media should follow up on the progress Nations of the world are making to meet the set target in 2015 when the issue of aggression on women should be eliminated. Nations should marry their own initiatives with the wider programs that are already in various countries to ensure that conducive legal environment is provided to deal with offenders and mitigate against further injuries being inflicted upon women. Intergovernmental cooperation is also of prime importance to stop trafficking of women for sexual slavery. It is only through such concerted efforts that the war will be won. As United Nations Secretary General observes, there is one universal truth, applicable to all countries, cultures, and communities: Abuse on women is never acceptable, never excusable, and never tolerable. This is a noble dream that should be supported by all.

The Harlem Renaissance: A Black Cultural Revolution Essay -- American

The Harlem Renaissance- A Black Cultural Revolution James Weldon Johnson once said that "Harlem is indeed the great Mecca for the sight-seer; the pleasure seeker, the curious, the adventurous, the enterprising, the ambitious and the talented of the whole Negro world."("Harlem Renaissance") When one thinks of the Harlem Renaissance, one thinks of the great explosion of creativity bursting from the talented minds of African-Americans in the 1920s. Although principally thought of as an African-American literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance's influence extended through every form of culture: art, dance, music, theatre, literature, history, and politics. Along with the great contribution this period made towards art and entertainment, the Harlem Renaissance also made a great impact on a social level. The Harlem Renaissance gave birth to the first African-American cultural identity and played a significant role in the political thought of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. How did the Harlem Renaissance become a hub of Black culture and identity? Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period known as the Great Migration took place. 750,000 African Americans fled the economically depressed rural South and migrated to the urban cities of the North to take advantage of the numerous employment opportunities and racially tolerant atmosphere. 175,000 of these African-Americans settled in New York City. Between the end of World War I and 1924, some significant works made by African-Americans were published; these works revealed the increasing creative fervor developing in Harlem. The groundbreaking book A Social History of the American Negro by Benjamin Brawley was published. The book that really drew attention to Harle... ...f the Soul Men." History Today Aug. 1997: 31(2). Student Resource Center Junior. Thomson Gale. 17 Nov. 2005 . Carrick Hill, Laban. Harlem Stomp! New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2003. 52-73. "Harlem Renaissance." Wikipedia . 16 Nov. 2005. 17 Nov. 2005 Powell, Richard. "How did the Harlem Renaissance affect the politics leading up to the Civil Rights Movement?" Interview with Titus King. PBS Online Newshour. 20 Feb. 1998. PBS. 17 Nov. 2005. . Stewart, Jeffrey. "How did the Harlem Renaissance affect the politics leading up to the Civil Rights Movement?" Interview with Titus King. PBS Online Newshour. 20 Feb. 1998. PBS. 17 Nov. 2005 . Stuart, Andrea. "The Harlem Renaissance in the twenties produced a wealth of black talent. But what was its legacy and who did it really benefit?" New Statesman 27 June 1997: 3-3. LookSmart.com. 19 Oct. 2005 .

Belonging – Short Story

Screaming in pain, Rebecca was about to give birth to her first baby. She was forced to have a homebirth as there were no hospitals around for miles. Her shrieks of pain had woken everyone in the neighbourhood, many came up to the house to get a glimpse of the situation. One of Rebecca’s friends, Rick, had rushed into the house in a matter of minutes after he heard the screaming. Rick stayed with Rebecca for several hours that followed to comfort her as best he could. His best attempts to calm her down, it seemed, were not good enough. At last, the ordeal was over. After ten hours of labour she had finally given birth to a baby boy. As Rick turned to face Rebecca, he saw an expression of sadness in her eyes. He knew that she didn’t want the baby, that she wasn’t capable of providing for it with her waitressing job at a cafe. In the months that followed, Rebecca had a tough time trying to earn money to feed herself, let alone her son. She turned to drugs to fight her depression, but she found that they had no effect. When her son, who she named William (Billy), was six years old, he started school. There, he was a social outcast; no one wanted talk to him. Five more years passed before he decided to quit school and stay at home, he felt that he didn’t belong anywhere else. Billy started experimenting with cocaine when he saw his mother using it, but she had been sober for a few years now. It seemed that for every year she got sober, her son’s heart simultaneously grew colder. He joined gangs, Billy had built a reputation that he could hustle and steal, but he got caught once and was sent to jail for three years. During his time at prison, he was working as an informant for the guards on staff in exchange for protection from all the rapists and paedophiles that roamed the prison. When Billy had gotten out of jail, the reputation that he had built up had been crumbled; he was kicked out of the gang because the other members were too suspicious of him. He once again dropped to the rank of social outcast. In a vain attempt to get back into the gang, he tried to act tough, fighting people over little things, his attempts went unnoticed. He had turned to selling crack to the people on the streets for money. He sold crack until he had enough money to move up to cocaine, trying to fulfil the fantasy stuck in his brain. Tired of trying to get back into the gang, he pursued a path to be with the hardcore gangs, with the cutthroats and the thugs. But when he stepped up to the gang, they turned him down saying â€Å"any coward can sell drugs, anyone with a gun can kill a man. But only a real thug has stabbed someone till they die, standing in front of them staring straight into their eyes†. Feature Article –  The Plane of the Sleeping Beauty Analysis Billy knew these men were well guarded, that they wanted to test him before business started. They proposed that he kill a woman to show he was cold hearted. Now Billy had a choice between going back to his life or making money with ‘made men’ in the higher ranks. His dreams about cars and drugs made him agree, a hardcore gangster is all he ever wanted to be. He met them the next week, at night on a lonely street. They drove around the town, slow while it was raining, smoking and drinking for entertainment. Late at night they saw a woman walking alone, coming back on her way home. They quietly got out of the car and followed her, one of the people wrapped a shirt around her face and pushed her onto the floor. Billy picked her up and took her into an empty building, forcing her to go up onto the roof. They were yelling at her and telling her to stop moving and screaming, when she wouldn’t listen, Billy hit the woman on the face until he had broken her jaw. Blood leaking through her clothes, she cried silently, praying to god. They proceeded to abuse her for the next few hours. At the end, one of the people next to Billy pulled out a handgun and gave it to him. They told him that if he killed her, he was guaranteed a spot in the gang. Right before he killed her, he thought about the drugs, women and respect he would get and felt strong standing next to his new gang. He put the gun right to her head and pulled back the shirt from her face. What he saw made him cringe and stutter because he was staring into the eyes of his own mother. Rebecca started crying harder than when they were beating her up, broken inside that her own son was going to kill her. His whole world stopped, he couldn’t contemplate what had just happened. His need to belong to a group he barely knew had ripped him apart from the one person he had the strongest bond with, his mother. He turned away from the woman who had once given him birth. As Billy dropped the gun, one of the other men picked it up and shot her in the head. Billy screamed out to the sky because he was lonely and scared; right then he knew what it meant to be empty and cold and jumped off the roof and died with no soul. After that, the gang members hid their bodies and never spoke about it, as if they never existed. His death was much like his birth, painful, shrieking and a mistake.

The Creation Of Walkable Communities Health And Social Care Essay

Methods – With control over neighbourhood location and want through sample pick, the analysis maps primary informations through observation, and secondary informations of official statistics from the Office of National Statistics, to compare the denseness, design and diverseness of two vicinities in Leeds, England. Consequences – Consistent differences in degrees of walkability were found between the vicinities, the most positive and walkable environment holding the lowest resident fleshiness rates. Conclusion – The consequences of analysis promote the demand of making walkable communities to better wellness and encourage sustainability within local vicinities. Further research at a more personal degree with the occupants is required to place the most effectual path of making a walkable environment, whether it is through service denseness, diverseness or prosaic friendly design.IntroductionThe Foresight Report compiled by the Government Office for Science states the four chief causes for fleshiness as being Biology, Impact of early life and growing forms, Behaviour, and the Living Environment, with the life environment besides playing an influence under the rubric of behavior ( 2007, pp.43-54 ) . With research demoing that ‘by 2050, 60 % of males and 50 % of females could be corpulent ‘ ( Foresight, 2007 ) , there is an immediate demand for alterations in the environment to ‘promote self-generated instead than sports-related or calculated physical activi ty ‘ ( Townshend et al, 2010 ) . Numerous surveies have been carried out researching the relationship between fleshiness, BMI, Physical activity and the built environment, utilizing assorted types of informations and methods of analysis. A big per centum of surveies found positive correlativity between walkable communities and lower degrees of fleshiness and/or rates of BMI ( Saelens et al, 2003 ; Van Dyck et Al, 2009b ; Frank et Al, 2006 ; Frank et Al, 2005 ; Frank et Al, 2007 ; Brian et Al, 2003 ; Heinrich et Al, 2008 ) . A smaller per centum found no direct positive correlativity between walkability and degrees of fleshiness or BMI ( Van Dyck et Al, 2009a ; Giles-Cortia and Donovan, 2002 ) but found positive relationships such as between high degrees of auto usage and the likeliness of fleshiness, ( Frank et al, 2004 ) , and the correlativity between an environments aesthetics and physical activity ( Humpel et al, 2004 ) .MethodsDesignFig. 1Previous research has used varied attacks to specifying and mensurating a neighbourhoods walkability, looking at perceived envrionmental properties ( Humpel et al, .2004 ) , entree to services ( Elkin et al, 1991 cited in Jenks et al,1996, pp.182 ) , safety ( Gomez et al, 2004 ) and entree to green countries ( Nielsen and Bruun, 2007 ) amongst others. This survey will utilize the 3 D ‘s, an analysis of population denseness, prosaic friendly design, and diverseness, as seen in plants by Cervero and Kockelman ( 1997 ) , Cathleen et Al ( 2009 ) and Frank et Al ( 2005 ) . Townshend et Al ( 2010, pp.22 ) besides supports this attack by specifying walkability as ‘the extent to which walking is supported in an country through†¦ well-connected street webs with a assortment of land utilizations and higher densenesss ‘ From the Office of National Statistics I have chosen two Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Leeds 082 and Leeds 053. These datasets cover the Outer City Centre vicinities of Holbeck and Harehills severally. The old ages in which the information was collected scope from 2005 – 2010, with the travel type and distances to work datasets being the exclusion, taken from 2001.SamplePrevious research and statistics highlighted degrees of want ( Heinrich et al, 2008 ; Morland et Al, 2001 ) , distance to the closest metropolis Centre, ethnicity ( Zhang and Wang, 2004 ) , and population turnover as cardinal influences on walkability, all of which are controlled through vicinity pick. Both countries are ranked in the lowest 10 % in the state by the index of multiple want. Fig.1 shows that both countries are within the 5km distance to Leeds City Centre deemed by Barton ( 1995 pp.116 ) as indispensable to promote cycling and usage of public conveyance whilst sing the metropolis. Based on the UK Census 2001, both countries have a varied mix of occupant ethnicities, shown in Table.1. Statisticss from 2001 to 2008 set up that Holbeck and Harehills have average population turnovers per 1000 occupants of -25 and -43 s everally, both demoing a chiefly negative rate over the 7 twelvemonth period. The Office of National Statistics found, in 2003 – 2005, Holbeck ‘s Model Based Estimate for Obesity was 23.9 % , and Harehill ‘s was 19.9 % . With a reasonably important difference in rates of fleshiness, the survey, with the above mentioned controls, gives the analysis and consequences, associating to denseness, diverseness and design, a stronger relationship and influence over the rates of fleshiness.*Data from Office for National Statistics, 2001MeasuresPopulation DensityResidential denseness has been found to hold a strong nexus with the denseness of services available, with higher residential denseness ensuing in higher densenesss of services and comfortss which in bend creates a more walkable environment ( Frank ( 2003, pp.101, cited in Townshend et Al, 2010, pp.22 ; Ewing et Al, 2003 ; Rundle, 2007 ; Pendola and Gen, 2007 ) . Population denseness has been calculated utilizing the resident population in 2009 per hectare of the defined MLSOA boundary. Barton ( 1995 ) supports this step as it has been found ‘people per hectare is the cardinal step of denseness when sing the viability of public conveyance and local services ‘ . Density of services will be analysed utilizing function and observation techniques to analyze spread and entree in concurrence to the countries of residential belongingss.Pedestrian Friendly DesignQuality of waies, connectivity and the presence of prosaic crossings has had mixed consequences when compared to general walkability of an country and its relationship with fleshiness and BMI, both negative ( Rundle, 2007 ) and positive ( saelens et Al, 2003, pp.80-91 cited in Booth et Al, 2005 ; Heinrick, 2008 ) . This survey uses observation and function to turn up characteristics and comparison with location o f installations, services and lodging within the MLSOA boundary.DiversenessThis survey maps the scope of installations available in each defined vicinity in relationship to countries of abode. Diverseness of installations has been shown to hold a strong relationship with engagement in non motorised travel ( Brown et al, 2009 ; Frank et Al, 2004 ; Barton, 1995 ; Rundle, 2007 ) . Research besides been undertaken to analyze rates of fleshiness and/or BMI with relationship to the type of nutrient services that are available ( Zick et al,2009 ) , and manner of travel to work ( Pendola and Gen,2007 ; Cerin et Al, 2007 ) , which this survey will besides analyze.AnalysisDensityPhoto. 1, Own Image, High denseness lodging, HolbeckStatistics show that the Holbeck MLSOA has a resident denseness of 34 individuals per hectare, and Harehills as holding a much higher denseness of 147 individuals per hectare. Due to the larger boundary set by the Holbeck MLSOA, it includes a big country of industry to the North, which has influenced the significantly lower rate than Harehills. Upon looking into the informations provided for the Lower Layer Super Output Area of Leeds 082C, within the Leeds 082 MLSOA, the occupant denseness is 127 people per hectare, of big unsimilarity to the earlier found denseness rate. This is due to the LLSOA boundary incorporating merely the South country of Holbeck, where the services and lodging can chiefly be found. Barton ( 1995 ) gives a usher of 100 people per hectare as a upper limit for vicinities, saying that 100pph will ‘permit a broad assortment of brooding and garden size ‘ every bit good as being a cardinal denseness when ‘considering the viability of public conveyance and of local services ‘ . Any higher than this and it can be assumed that unfastened infinite in the country will be jeopardised which in its ego has been found to be damaging to wellness ( Nielsen,2007 ) . Evidence shows the residential countries of Holb eck and Harehills are over populated, and to make a walkable environment for this degree of denseness at that place needs to be a big mix and Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] denseness of services on offer to prolong the local community.Fig. 2Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ]Fig. 3Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ]Fig. 4 Fig. 5ig.2 and Fig.3 show the defined MLSOA ‘s of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Highlighted with the ruddy circles are the centre points of the chief lodging groups, the outer ruddy circle rim represents a radius, from the Centre points, of 400 meters, the journey distance at which Barton ( 1995 ) states it is more like occupants will walk or rhythm instead than utilize a auto. Both vicinities clearly show installations are available within this 400m radius, Holbeck ‘s services at a visibly more sporadic and lower denseness than Harehills. The clear additive bunch of services in Harehills is associated with a more encouraging High Street manner walkable environment, offering easiness of entree and the ‘opportunity for multipurpose trips ‘ ( Cervero, 1990 cited in Barton, 1995 ) . Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 – Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] The Department for Communities and Local Government ( 2001 ) provinces in the Planning Policy Guidance 13: Conveyance, that for sustainable conveyance design it is of import to ‘concentrate higher denseness residential developments near public conveyance Centres, or alongside corridors good served by public conveyance ( or with the possible to be served ) and close to local installations ‘ . Fig.5 shows a clear presentation of defined bunchs of assorted services along the additive coach paths. Fig.4 shows how, although Holbecks chief bunchs are non every bit lineated as Harehills, the bulk do fall beside the coach paths and chief prosaic paths. Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 6 Google – Map informations, 2010, Tele Atlas North America, Inc [ online ] Available at & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.uk & A ; gt ; [ Accessed 22 December 2010 ] Fig. 7Pedestrian friendly designPhoto. 2, Own Image, Pedestrian traversing on chief street, HarehillsFig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the function of prosaic friendly design characteristics within the MLSOA ‘s of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Holbeck has a sum of 44 prosaic friendly characteristics, with a higher assortment than Harehills but a surprisingly low sum due to the larger country mapped. Harehills has a sum of 55. Harehills higher denseness and the location of characteristics provide a safer and more significant path through the country, the bulk in the countries of high activity. Holbeck has limited crossings in the countries with higher activity, particularly around the cardinal bunch where the chief route has high volumes of traffic. The lone pronounced rhythm paths from both vicinities were found in Holbeck, supplying entree to the chief shopping bunch in the South. The chief lodging countries within Holbeck is situated good within the cyclist penchant of 5km distance t o the metropolis Centre ( Barton, 1995 ) , as mentioned earlier, nevertheless merely one little rhythm path was found in the North and so small has been done to take advantage of this premier location, likewise with the deficiency of prosaic crossings and safety characteristics along the path.Fig.11Fig.8DiversenessFig.8 to Fig.13, and Fig.14 to Fig. 19 map the concerns and services in the country of Holbeck and Harehills severally. Businesss have been grouped into six classs, each analysed below. On survey of the public services maps ( Fig 8 and Fig.14 ) Harehills has a higher sum of public services and a bigger conurbation making within the chief lodging countries, with Holbeck ‘s public services chiefly in the chief bunch countries. The drama and diversion map ( Fig.9 ) identifies that Holbeck provides countries of diversion for each chief lodging group. Harehill ‘s ( Fig.15 ) merely has one country of diversion within the boundary, which may be detering for many occupants to walk at that place. Fig 10 and Fig.16 highlight specialist stores and vesture stores. Harehills has a broad scope of specializer stores and vesture stores, cut downing the necessity to go elsewhere for most twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours points. Holbeck had important deficiency of specializer stores in figure and assortment. This deficiency in diverseness would promote public and private motorised travel to the nearest shopping countries, with the southernmost residential country holding a wider assortment of stores but is out of the 400m radius of the two other residential countries. Photo. 3, Own Image, hapless rhythm path, HolbeckFig.11 shows there are a important scope of industries and offices throughout Holbeck, with a big sum in close propinquity to the chief residential countries, offering employment chances within walking or cycling distance. Statisticss from the Office of National Statistics shows that in 2001, of 2308 occupants in employment in Holbeck, 458, 19.85 % walked to work, and 45, 1.9 % cycled. Statisticss besides showed that 1624 occupants worked less than 5km ‘s from place. If we take 5km ‘s as the maximal distance people are willing to rhythm ( Barton, 1995, pp.116 ) , we can presume that 45 people out of 1624, 2.8 % , of those within a comfy cycling distance really rhythm to work. This per centum is low, nevertheless there are many factors which could act upon this. Barton ( 2000, pp. 223 ) stated that there are two factors that can deter people from cycling, ‘safety and security ‘ . Pedestrian friendly design plays a big factor, with the found deficiency of cycling paths doing the journey insecure, nevertheless the sample country is likely non to cover everyone ‘s way to work and so may non be a clear representation of this. Multiple want can besides be a big factor, and with Holbeck and Harehills being in the lowest 10 % it is likely that the monetary value of buying a motorcycle and the feeling of the demand to protect against larceny of the motorcycle in the country will besides play a big influence on the statistics. Harehills statistics from 2001 show similar rates of walking and cycling to work, out of 2169 people in employment, 404, 18.6 % walked to work and 31, 1.4 % cycled. Fig.17 shows a significantly smaller sum of industry in Harehills in comparing to Holbeck, this will significantly cut down employment rates in the locality. Interestingly, 1471 work less than 5km ‘s from place, similar findings to those in Holbeck, with the premise of about 2.1 % of those working within 5km ‘s of place cycling to work. It ‘s clear that the hapless quality and sum of rhythm paths and degrees of want have a big consequence over these findings. Photo. 4, Own Image, Example of closed concern, HolbeckFig.12 and Fig.18 show the vacant concerns in the countries. Both vicinities show a tendency of the vacant concerns bing in the chief residential countries, which is common with the current be aftering tendency of centralizing services and installations by replacing little stores, amongst other installations, with fewer larger services and installations in a more centralized place ( Barton, 2000 ) . Fig.13 and Fig.19 map the local nutrient environment. For the intent of the survey, food market stores were defined by their proviso of a broad scope of healthy fresh green goods, so little convenience shops were non included. A big scope of surveies have been carried out in this country, with a little bulk of findings reasoning that the closer occupants are in propinquity to a store selling healthier green goods, the healthier their dietetic consumption or the lower their weight ( Powell et al, 2007 ; Morland et al,2002 ; Morland et Al, 2006, all cited in Lovasia et Al, 2009, pp. 9 ) . A figure of surveies besides linked deprived countries and their likeliness of holding more fast nutrient mercantile establishments, with equal positive ( Cummins et Al, 2005 ) and negative ( Macintyre, 2005 ) findings. Holbeck has a similar sum of fast nutrient mercantile establishments as Harehills, but a significantly lower sum of mercantile establishments supplying healthier fresh green goods. Har ehills has more mercantile establishments selling healthier green goods than fast nutrient, with an even spread throughout the country. It may be assumed that occupants of Harehills eat healthier due to higher entree to healthier nutrients, nevertheless there is still a high rate of fast nutrient mercantile establishments to act upon their pick. With merely a little bulk of surveies associating a healthier nutrient environment to healthier diets and lower weights, it would be difficult to presume it has a big influence over fleshiness rates without farther survey in this country. Decision The analysis of the 3 D ‘s and their consequence upon walkability found more positives with respects to making a walkable environment in the MLSOA of Harehills than that of Holbeck. As discussed earlier in the survey, the built environment and its control of physical activity has a big influence on a individuals likeliness of being corpulent ( Foresight, 2007 ) . This fact combined with the nature of the survey being at vicinity degree, it can be assumed that the analysis demoing that Harehill ‘s is a by and large more walkable community is a factor that effects the 4 % lower rate of fleshiness. Previous surveies of the 3 D ‘s found varied consequences as to which factor was the most influential on rates of fleshiness, BMI and/or physical activity. To reason which is the most influential factor within Harehill ‘s and Holbeck would necessitate farther survey. Participant studies to derive more personal information about the occupants and their activity would be good in reasoning this. The decrease of the usage of private motorised conveyance through making walkable communities necessarily consequences in a decrease of the pollution that these vehicles produce. The constructs behind the creative activity of a walkable country are outstanding in the construct of making a Compact City, a sustainable metropolis design. As outlined by Jenks ( 1996 ) , the two dominant motivations for making a Compact City are ‘global warming†¦ ..and the loss of unfastened countryside to urban usage ‘ . It shows how higher denseness life will cut down the demand for travel which is ‘the fastest turning and least controlled subscriber to planetary heating ‘ . With sustainability at the head of most contrivers, developers and designers work, the building of walkable communities are fast going integrated into the building of new sustainable developments and sustainable regenerations of bing vicinities, whether intended or non. Limits The analysis standard and attack could be applied to other countries, but with certain bounds as set out in this survey. First, consequences may change with respects to try size. The 3 D ‘s signifier of analysis was chosen due to its old usage in similar sized countries. Its analysis and consequences are most conclusive when used at this sample size, therefore a more appropriate signifier of analysis would necessitate to be considered for larger or smaller countries. The control of propinquity to a major metropolis or town Centres and degrees of want were of import as mentioned throughout the survey. Due to the impact fluctuations in this country can hold a upon walkability in a vicinity, the same restraints are encouraged in any farther research documents with the attack taken in this survey.